Oceanographic instrumentation encompasses a diverse array of tools and sensors essential for measuring the physical properties of the ocean. These instruments are deployed across various platforms to collect data critical for understanding ocean dynamics, climate processes, and marine ecosystems.

1. Core Oceanographic Sensors

These instruments measure fundamental physical parameters:

•    CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth): Profiles salinity, temperature, and depth.
•    ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler): Measures water current velocities.
•    Thermistors and Thermometers: Record temperature variations.
•    Pressure Sensors: Determine depth and monitor sea level changes.
•    Tide Gauges: Track sea level fluctuations over time.

2. Biogeochemical and Optical Sensors

Instruments that assess chemical properties and biological activity:

•    Fluorometers: Detect chlorophyll and other fluorescent compounds.
•    Dissolved Oxygen Sensors: Measure oxygen concentrations.
•    Nutrient Analyzers: Quantify concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, and silicates.
•    Turbidity Meters: Assess water clarity and suspended particles. 

3. Sampling Devices

Tools designed to collect physical samples from the marine environment:

•    Niskin and Nansen Bottles: Collect discrete water samples at specific depths.
•    Sediment Traps: Capture sinking particulate matter for analysis.
•    Plankton Nets: Gather planktonic organisms for biological studies.
•    Rosette Samplers: Integrate multiple Niskin bottles with CTD sensors for comprehensive profiling.

4. Platforms for Instrument Deployment

Instruments are mounted on various platforms to facilitate data collection:

•    Research Vessels: Serve as mobile laboratories for deploying instruments and conducting surveys.
•    Moorings and Buoys: Provide fixed-point, long-term monitoring of ocean conditions.
•    Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): Conduct pre-programmed missions to collect data.
•    Gliders: Autonomous platforms that traverse the ocean, collecting vertical profiles.
•    Drifters and Floats: Passive devices like Argo floats that drift with currents, profiling the upper ocean.
•    Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): Tethered, maneuverable platforms for deep-sea exploration and sampling.
•    Cabled Observatories: Seafloor installations connected to shore via cables, enabling real-time data transmission.